Analys Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analys Paper - Essay ExampleThe story, however, does not end here. The number of deaths has increase remarkably at around 4 times higher than the previous government reign (Bergen & Braun, 2012). There is a debate over the legality, ethicality and reality buttocks the policies adopted in the name of Drone warfare against terrorism. Critics believe that these attacks do not carry any moral, legal or ethical weight as the attacks do not merely harm the targeted terrorists but rather the civilians are harmed. This school of thought sheds more light on the bare people killed in areas like Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia. They believe that dawdler attacks are not a mere attempt to curb terrorism anymore but it goes beyond it and has stepped towards diminishing and peril different groups in the name of war against terrorism. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reports that in 346 drone strikes around 2570 to 3337 deaths and around 1232-1366 injured people were reported in Pakistan alone between 2004 and 2012 (Serle & Woods, 2012). Benjamin (2012) further sheds light on the misuse of drone warfare by the US Government to unappeasablely end the lives of infinite blameless citizens in countries including Afghanistan, Somalia, Yemen and Pakistan (Benjamin, 2012). The opponents of drone warfare policies recommend a systematic, rational and more comprehensive view to resolve the terrorism issue. They find such brutal killings as another way to promote terrorism, i.e. a more civilized and official step towards taking part in terrorist activities. The US administrations over reliance and misuse of the authorities and powers is not only harming the ethical values it held but is also coming into a conflict with the diplomatic and political targets it aimed to achieve (Editorial Board, 2012). TBIJ suggests that US drones are responsible for the death of 50 civilians during February 2012, who were struggling to aid and rescue victims of a previous attack. Such attacks that merely kill the innocent rescue workers, rescue teams, civilians and others aiming at clearing up the attacked site or helping victims after the first attack have increased the death evaluate of injured civilians who could be saved by the provision of timely medical assistance (Scott 2012). The double attacks have threatened people from visiting the attacked site until a considerable time has elapsed. The US, hence, needs to clarify the position and aim of such attacks which are more inclined to affect and kill innocent civilians and militants rather than the targeted terrorist groups. The supporters of drone war claim that drone attacks and terrorist activities have been reduced. They claim that the drone warfare is affecting their organizational capacity. Continuous attacks on the terrorists firstly reduce their number by diluting their power and secondly it discourages people from involving into such activities or groups regardless of any religious or monetary benefit they are a ssured of (Boyle, 2013). It seems quite operable yet, the political case of innocent civilians killed is stronger and has forced US to look into the issue more closely and responsibly. The United Nations involvement in the issue is a alive example of the cruelty it poses to the very basic phenomenon of humanity. In addition to the Protestants in Yemenis, and other countries affected by the US drones, exponential rise

Dorothy and the Tree Essay Example for Free

Dorothy and the Tree EssayDorothy and the Tree A Lesson in Epistemology Stanley tip discusses how we in society base our lives off of assumptions. Using the example of Dorothy and the tree, seek is able to show how with our assumptions, we as people categorize others and things into what we believe to be correct. Whether or not we have actually taken the time to figure emerge if we are right is irrelevant.He notes that we should just keep trying to expand our sense of us as far as we bed, so we can avoid judgments and isolating ourselves from the rest of society. Even though Dorothy realizes her mistake, she doesnt realize that it is not a failure, but her consciousness assuming the classification of things in the world. Fish later on defines thought as the structure that at once enables perception, meaning that within categories things emerge, limiting perception and nothing can quit nonpareil to see everything because that is Gods job.Fish uses many Bible allusions to cr eate justification for his assertions. He uses Genesis 126, and Pauls roadway to Damascus to show that people can be persuaded to change their placement of things in society. Despite all of his valid points, Fish states that it is nearly impossible for one to change just on realizations. He believes it takes practice to accept the fact that there are things that we cannot comprehend because there is no limit on the abstract trappings of society.

The Rate of Diffusion Essay Example for Free

The Rate of Diffusion EssayAbstractI found that this experiment gives me an understanding on how osmosis anddiffusion works. In its simplicity, it explains the plow that our bodies (mainly cells)use all the time. It also showed me that even with the temperature changing, it doesntdrastically change the localise of diffusion.IntroductionDiffusion is important in all living systems. Osmosis is the passage of piss from a region of high water concentration through a semi- pervious membrane to a region of low water concentration (Purchon 1). Diffusion is the causa of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration (Biological 21).With this knowledge we tried to recreate diffusion for students to understand the process. The dialysis al-Qaidas represented our selectively permeable membrane with the fluid inside it, sucrose. How often of the substance moves from the cup to the bag quickly depends on the temperature of the substance. The class used four differen t temperatures to measure the account of diffusion.I thought that the rate of diffusion would increase as temperature increased because the more heat put into the process the quicker the molecules will move.The null possibleness is that no matter what the temperature is the rate of diffusion will stay the same.Materials and MethodsThe materials used were a dialysis bag, string, pipet, beaker with water, 10% sucrose water, and a balance. The inconsistents that we made standardized were the concentration of the solute, continuance of the dialysis bags, and time. distributively group poured 10 milliliters of 10% sucrose into two 15 cm long dialysis bags and bent the end of the bags and tied them. Then the bags were immersed in water, dried, and measured. neighboring the bags were put into room temperature (about 20C), 60 C, 45C, or fruitcake water (0C). Each group measured the bags three more times at 10 minute intervals drying them off each time. Once they finished, each group s ubtracted the final measurement from the initial to see how quickly the water diffused into or out of the bag. My partner and I did the experiment twice, once with ice water and the next in room temperature water. We had two dialysis bags for each of the two experiments that we did.The independent variable is ______________. The dependent variable is __________.ResultsThe first two tables are the information that my partner and I got through our two experiments. The data from our experiments show that the rate of diffusion was blistering with the room temperature water. The last table shows the classs data. The classs results show that the rate of diffusion occurs the fastest in room temperature water.Both my data and the rest of the classs data show that the rate of diffusion is fastest in room temperature water. The overall total weights of the dialysis bags immersed in room temperature water weighed the most which shows the rate of diffusion being the fastest in those experiment s.Table 1 Graph 1 The Change in weight of the 2 diallysis bags of 10 ml of 10% sucrose left in ice water (2C).Time in minutes Weight of 1st bag in grams Weight of 2nd bag in grams0 10.93 10.8910 11.49 11.2820 11.76 11.6630 12.05 11.94Total weight gained in each bag 1.12 1.05Table Graph 2 The change in weight in the 2 dialysis bags of 10ml of 10% sucrose left in room temperature water (21C).Time in minutes Weight of 1st bag in grams Weight of 2nd bag in grams0 10.92 10.9210 11.56 11.4520 12.08 11.9030 12.56 12.35Total weight gained in each bag 1.64 1.43The change in weight in the 2 dialysis bags of 10ml of 10% sucrose left in room temperature water (21C).Table Graph 3 Each groups change in weight of each of the dialysis bags in the different types of water.21-23 C Room Temperature 47-49 C 59-60 C 2 C ice water-1.77 .03 -0.30 .24.16 .20 -0.38 .61.34 .28 .06 .76.35 .40 .16 .77.42 .68 .56 .88.76 .73 .75 .931.01 .89 .76 .961.05 2.06 .83 1.011.60 2.21 1.14 1.021.12 1.25 1.031.12 1.42 1 .051.33 1.121.39 1.191.42 1.301.43 1.341.47 1.451.521.561.611.641.751.78Total Average weight gain 1.05overall 0.83 0.57 0.98Each groups change in weight of each of the dialysis bags in the different types of water.DiscussionThe data seems to agree with me in the fact that the rate of diffusion was the quickest in the room temperature water. My partners and my experiments average was 1.085 grams with the ice water and 1.53 with the room temperature water. This shows that the rate of diffusion was faster in the room temperature water, but not by much it whole had 0.445 grams more than the bags that were in ice water. In the classs experiments, the bags in room temperature water only weighed 0.07 grams more than the bags in ice water. The bags in the 47-49 C range came as third fastest, leaving 59-60 C range dead last. They varied by 0.26 grams.Overall the rate of diffusion didnt make a huge jump in any certain temperature change in the water. It changed slightly, but not enough to ma ke quite an impact on the process. This data also shows that there wasnt much change overall between room temperature water, ice water, and the 47-49 C water. The problem with this data is the class chart. It seems as though overall people messed up in very common ways. Some of the data were in the negative which probably means they either didnt tie the dialysis bag tight enough or poked a whole in the bag. Also, some people didnt have enoughtime to complete the experiment at the correct interval time.

Survey on Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Survey on coffee tree EssayA delicate tree, cacao is only grown in rain forests in the tropics, usually on large plantations, where it must be protected from wind and intense sunlight. The tree is harvested twice a year. Milk hot chocolate was invented in 1876 by a Swiss chocolatier, Daniel Peter (1836-1919) of Vevey, Geneva. Daniel Peter successfully combined chocolate with pulverisationed milk to produce the first milk chocolate. Today, the finest chocolate is still call in Switzerland, and the consumption of milk chocolate far outweighs that of plain chocolate. Chocolate was introduced to the United States in 1765 when John Hanan brought coffee beans from the West Indies into Dorchester, Massachusetts, to refine them with the help of Dr. mob Baker. The first chocolate factory in the country was established there. Chocolate Glossary Unsweetened Chocolate It is also called baking, plain or bitter chocolate. Since no sugar has been added to the chocolate it has a strong, bi tter taste that is utilise in cooking and baking only if is never eaten out of hand. Bittersweet Chocolate lighten dark, however a little sweeter than unsweetened.It is unsweetened chocolate to which sugar, more cocoa butter, lecithin, and vanilla extract has been added. It has less sugar and more liquor than semisweet chocolate but the two are interchangeable in baking. Bittersweet has be observe the sophisticated choice of chefs. It contains a high percentage (up to 75%) of cocoa solids, and little (or no) added sugar. tasty Chocolate Slightly sweetened during processing, and most frequently used in frostings, sauces, fillings, and mousses. They are interchangeable in most recipes. The favorite of most home bakers.It contains a high percentage (up to 75%) of cocoa solids, and little (or no) added sugar. German Chocolate Dark, but sweeter than semisweet. German chocolate is the predecessor to bittersweet. It has no connection to Germany it was developed by a man named German. Milk Chocolate or Sweet Chocolate Candy bar chocolate. Chocolate to which whole and/or skim milk powder has been added. Rarely used in cooking because the protein in the added milk solids interferes with the texture of the baked products. It contains approximately 20 percent cocoa solids. White Chocolatemany people might argue that white chocolate is not really chocolate. It is made from sweetened cocoa butter mixed with milk solids, sometimes with vanilla added. Since cocoa butter is derived from the cocoa bean, then we lowlife only conclude that real white chocolate is indeed chocolate. Conveture A term generally used to describe high-quality chocolate used by professional bakers in confectionery and baked products. The word means to cover or to coat. It has more cocoa butter than regular chocolate. Its specially formulated for dipping and coating things alike truffles.Chocolate of this quality is often compared to tasting fine wine because subtleties in taste are often appare nt, especially when you taste a variety of semisweet and bittersweet couvertures with different percentages of sugar and chocolate liquor. How Chocolate Is Made Cacao trees are often interplanted with exalted shade trees to protect them from direct sunlight. Pods grow on the trunks and larger branches of the trees and take five to six months to ripen. Fruit on the higher branches are harvested with blades on long handles and lower branches are cut with machetes.The pods are cut open with machetes to reveal between 20 to 40 beans each, surrounded by a spate of stickly, white pulp. Traditionally, this was done immediately after harvest today, pods are sometimes first stored whole for a few days to prime them for ferment. Fermenting begins when the beans come into contact with the send. Here, a workrt uses a stick to gauge the depth of the mass in a vara, or measuring box, to determine the wage of the harvester, before transferring it to the fermentation bin. During fermentation, the pulp disintegrates, producing steamy heat and a pervasive, yeasty, sour smell.It is at this point that the beans first develop thier complex characteristics. Drying of the beans after fermentation is done on slatted woody trays in the open air. The beans are spread out evenly and raked periodically so that they dry uniformly. As the beans dry, their colors deepen, turning them into a carpet of sepia, umber, and mocha. Aeration of the dried-out beans during storage is important to prevent the formation of mold. A worker tosses beans with a shovel to expose them evenly to the air. Grading of the beans is done mechanically at the larger farms smaller producers do it by hand.From baskets, the dried beans are transferred to burlap bags and transported to local selling stations, where they may be bought by large companies for export. Arriving at the chocolate mills, the beans change a thorough cleaning, followed by the roasting which brings out the particular flavor of each variet y. Throughout this process, a constant and exact temperature must be maintained. discipline roasting is exceedingly important since under-roasting leaves a raw taste and over-roasting results in a high pungent or even burnt flavor.Now comes the cooling, shelling, and winnowing, from which the cocoa beans emerge cleaned and ready for blending. This important process requires expert knowledge and skill. Not only must the beans be selected which will produce the best chocolate flavor, but uniformity of blend must be preserved year in and year out. After the blending, the cocoa beans are milled or slowly domain between great heated millstones. Under heat and tremendous pressure, the cocoa butter melts and mixes with other parts of the beans forming the ruddy chocolate liquor.The fragrant chocolate flavour is now noticeable. The liquor is then treated according to the product to be made. For unsweetened chocolate, the liquor is poured into molds and cooled rapidly in refrigerating roo ms. Then the cacao emeres in familiar form, as bars of chocolate, ready to be wrapped and sold. Storing Chocolate Keep the chocolate in a cool, dry place. Chocolate is best kept at around 68 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit, the temperature of a pantry or dark cabinet. It has a shelf life of approximately one year. The normal air conditioned room provides adequate protection.Freezing chocolate is not recommended when you trap it and then thaw it out, it will have a greater tendency to bloom. cross off Bloom is the white, filmy reside that can develop on chocolate. This usually happens when the chocolate is stored in a warm place, but can happen when you freeze it. Chapter-IV Research Methodology A)PRIMERY DATA - As we are doing the Survey of Chocolate we have found that there many people dont like to eat Chocolate due to various reasone and there are many people who dont want to shift to another brand of Chocolate due to there taste.There are also some type of people who has interested in chocolate but they can not ride if bcoz of high price for it but some people for this survey they have suggested to 1. To reduce some price of chocolate 2. To make diet chocolate 3. To make spicy chocolate B)SECONDERY DATA- Adventages - IT makes Refreshment IT reduces calostrol by eating it 2_3 times a week IT is often classified as a non healthy pabulum or normally calledtunk food Dark chocolate is beneifits to the body by medical and scientific reasearcher dark chocolate may help to avoid meat disease due to presencer of antioxidants Disadventages. Chocolate is a calorie rich food with a high sugar and fat content, so regular consumption of chocolate requires reducing the caloric intake of other foods. Chocolate contains a variety of substances, some of which have addictive properties e. g sugar, theobromine and caffeine which are stimulating and toughness elevating and phenethylamine which can cause endorphin releases in the brain chocolate has been linked to nervou s tension as well as migraine headaches because it contains compounds known as vasoactive amines that can dilate brain vessels triggering headaches in susceptible individuals. It has high levels of arginine which is required in the replication of the herpes virus. Chocolate should be avoided by those with active or take place herpes infections.

The impacts of structural and infrastructural elements to service o

The impacts of geomorphologic and infra morphologic elements to assistant oI. INTRODUCTIONWith the ever-changing nature of a global business exertion that requires firms to adjust rapidly, trading operations tractableness capability has become more influencing, underpinning the strength of an organization. World-class receipts organizations rely on right strategies and practices to enhance their operations flexibleness. In Malaysia, for instance, the world best budget airline, AirAsia, applies trustworthy principles, practices and procedures that align with its operations objectives to achieve appropriate level of tractability in their operations that suited its market segments requirements 1 2. In another example, there was a lot of confusion on the expound of the passengers and employees of Jet blue airlines in Florida when weather conditions delays flights.In any eventualities, organization moldiness plan ahead on how to deal with the changing circumstances that ordain affect their operations. Some of the impact of deviates must be dealt at the source with some standardization of products, services and move presenty. The remaining must be dealt with at the point of impact using robust geomorphologic and infra structural resources deployment strategies. Among the most intrinsic move to establish and eventually enhance the operations tractableness is the use of technology especially the IT to better communicate internally within organizational units andoutwardly with their customers thus providing flexibility in their operations. Others may rely on smart ne dickensrking with clients and suppliers so that they will palm the uncertainties together as a group. At the aforesaid(prenominal) times, having a flexible workforce will ensure certain level of variability will be absorbed by tactically reassign the workforce. In summary, the changing nature of the environment requires flexibility to be one of the primary competitive components to be a pplied and considered seriously. To enhance the flexibility capability, firms need to strike a balance with structural and infrastructural decisions. In this paper, we will evaluate the dimension of structural and infrastructural elements and service operations flexibility and their relationship in a multivariate outlook. hardly a(prenominal) important questions need to be addressed here namely What is service operations flexibility what are the important structural and infrastructural elements and how they affect the operations flexibility of service organization.II. LITERATURE REVIEWIt is widely argued that operations flexibility is very much related to changing the structure and nucleotides of the organizations. However, the interchange on the important elements that evanesce into each category is debated. In following the definitions given by Hayes and Wheelwright 3, and Schroeder 4 suggested structure resources embarrass capacities, facilities, process technology, and vert ical integration whereas infrastructures include people, nurture system, organization, production and inventory control, and timbre control system. Slack 5 suggested labor and technology as structural resources that must be supported by infrastructural assets such as the system, relationship and schooling couplings.Relating the structural and infrastructural elements to operations flexibility, there exhaust been several(prenominal) studies done to address the issue. One of the important studies conducted by Correa and Gianesi 6 associated the broader term of flexibility as being able to respond effectively to unplanned change. They linked uncertainty and variability with unplanned change, which require firms to understand the concept of unplanned change. Managing unplanned change can be divided into two dimensions. One is labeled as flexibility in dealing with change after the unplanned change has occurred. The guerrilla dimension is the ability to deal with a certain amount o f change and reducing the effect of change. This can be done by finding ship canal to control the changes by implementing strategies like forecasting technique, maintenance system, parts standardization, and manufacturing focus. These strategies are to prevent and avoid the change before it occurs. This is where the structural and infrastructural elements play their eccentrics. For example, in tack together for service firms to be able to implement the chosen strategies both before and after the occurrences of unplanned changes, firms ought to have suitable structural elements such as integration and technology supported by systematic infrastructural elements such as quality leadership and teamwork activities.Harvey et al 7 explained that a flexible firm is the one that can handle variability with minimum penalty and suggest the difference between internal rigor and foreign flexibility. Internal robustness must be dealt with minimum efforts collect to the fact that it will n ot create value to customers. Harvey et al 7 suggested that in collection to deal with the internal variability, firms may require organizational arrangement such as cross-functional teams, empowering communicate personal, and building a flat organization, which work outs are related to infrastructural elements of operations as well as modifying the structural elements such networking capability. It is the external flexibility that must be managed carefully in order to gain competitive advantage. Central to the issue, Harvey et al 7 proposed the use of structural element, mainly IT technology in order to manage flexibility.This is excessively supported by Bucki and Pesqueux 8 who as well proposed the components of operations strategy on structural and infrastructural elements that contribute to operations flexibility. Adler 9 agreed that flexibility in organizations is a useful tool to improve firms competitive position as related to the use of technologies in implementation an d the decision- making process. Upton 10 supported the idea and added that firms should create an infrastructure to allow for system flexibility. As a result of technological improvement and changes in customer preferences, service operations have become flexible and this requires leeway in the delivery process. Upton 10 also pointed out that customers expect and prefer to get services at their convenient time and location, therefore capability on the part of the service provider to be flexible is imperative.One specific example on how structural elements such as technology and integration play an influencing role in service operation flexibility is the use of air machines. Banks that have standard atmosphere services have been providing convenient services to customers for years. In accordance with this, ATM services have improved over time. Two of the improvements mentioned include the increase in the limit of the amount in withdrawal transactions and the multiplication of ATM units strategically situated in many convenient locations. In elaboration, ATM services nowadays are not solely restricted to bank set forth but can also be tack together at airports, petrol stations, bus stations, fast food restaurants and many others. The change in the way banks deliver services indicates the mark of flexibility in service operations that benefits banks and customers alike. ATM technology may require some investment on the banks side, but in the long run, it reduces operating costs by decreasing the number of staff at counter services. Davis and Heineke 11 concluded that reduction in customers waiting time at counter services by improving better services management of process design can certainly reduce customers dissatisfaction and defection and technology could befriend to achieve this goal.Technologies have proven to be able to offer more opportunities in improving services processes. Collier 12 in a study on electronic devices for check-in and check-out sys tems in the hotel industry, automatic toll booth in transportation, electronic fund transfer in banking services, the practices of e-ticketing in the airline business have given huge impact on the ticket purchasing system, airport checking process, and service industries as well. Therefore, in responding effectively to customers demand variations, improving services process design by using technology is another approach to increase flexibility of the service system.Based on the above password, we have recognized several elements that must be considered in enhancing flexibility capability of a firm which could be further divided into structural and infrastructural elements. Among the most cited structural elements in discussing the service flexibility is technology, particularly the ICT, integration, and facility. With regards to the infrastructural elements, some of the most important factors cited in the literary productions are team management, worker empowerment, and quality l eadership. As for the dimensions of service operations flexibility, we represent the types given by Correa and Gianessi 6 who suggest service flexibility capability as design, package, volume, delivery time, delivery location, system robustness and customer re overlayy with Harveys internal robustness and external flexibility7.Thus, we hypothesize H1 Structural elements consists of facility, location, technology, integration/networking positively influence the external flexibility H2 Structural elements consists of facility, location, technology, integration/networking are positively influencing the internal robustness, H3 Infrastructural elements consists of teamwork management, worker empowerment, and quality leadership positively influence the external flexibility, H4 Infrastructural elements consists of teamwork management, worker empowerment, and quality leadership positively influence the internal robustnessWe also propose that the infrastructural elements are more ascendent in service industries as the squishy power related to human capableness are the silent forces that determines the operations flexibility, H5 Infrastructural elements have a greater influence on both external flexibility and internal robustness as compared to the structural elements.III METHODOLOGYThis research uses a survey approach. We employed several techniques leading to the final large scale survey. First we conducted a thorough literature review on topics leading to the development of items to measure structural and infrastructural decisions and operations flexibility. Subsequently, the researchers conducted several interviews with operations managers in selected service companies namely hotel, port management, and airline, to check if the factors found in the literature are relevant to the practical ideas of the managers, particularly in the Malaysian business environment. This technique allows the researcher to explore any relevant ideas pertaining to the issue. The inte rview will also provide some valuable information on the keywords or the indicators from the Malaysian perspective since the literature is too replete with studies from the different environments of western countries. Each session usually takes more than an hour.Combining the literature review and the interviews, an instrument was developed to measure structural and infrastructural elements, and operation flexibility. The structural and infrastructural elements are mainly adapted from the instruments developed by Boyer and McDermott 13. The items to measure operations flexibility capability are taken from Correa and Gianessi 6 and Harvey et al. 7. In summary, the instrument consists of (A)Infrastructural elements divided into worker empowerment(7 items), quality leadership(6 items), team management (4 items) (B) Structural elements consists of location(2 items), integration(5 items), technology(6 items) and capacity(2 items) (C) external flexibility (6 items) and internal robustness (5 items).A sample of questions is given as followsTechnology Indicate level of investment in the latest technology relevant for enhancement of the business operations (e.g. latest scanning system for hospital or new ATMs for banks)Capacity Indicate the level of investment in upgrading / improvement of existing facilitiesSeveral workshops and discussion were conducted leading to the final version of the instruments. Before conducting a pilot study, we pre-tested the instrument on our MBA students, whose backgrounds included experience working in service organizations to identify potential problems with respect to the ability of the respondents to understand the questions asked, and clarify the instruments when it is necessary. No major change was made. Consequently, a pilot test was done to test the reliability and validity of the instrument. This is also done to minimize the administration of the questionnaires in the real study. 30 companies were conveniently selected to test the instruments. 25-100 observations were thought adequate for this purpose 14. The reliability of the instrument was assessed before we snuff it with the large scale study. We employed the Cronbach alpha method in gauging the reliability of the scale. All constructs show the alpha coefficient of greater than 0.7. We concluded that the measurement scale is tried and thus, will maintain all items measures.The large scale study that involved companies from 9 service industries was followed subsequently. Instead of using mail, which often result in woeful response in an emerging economies countries such as Malaysia, we sent enumerators to operations managers or equivalent positions whom we had contacted earlier and expressed their desire to participate in the study. To favour the companies, we utilise the appropriate directory when it is available. For example, for the hotel industry, we utilized the Malaysian Hotel Association directory and select hotels with the rating of three sta rs and above. The selection represented both low contact and high contact category 15 (a) Hotels (Service factory)(b) devalued foods (service factory)(c) Auto repair (Service shop)(d) Private hospitals (Service shop)(e) Private colleges (f) Retailing (stores) (Mass service)(g) Retailing banking (mass service)(h) Accountant(Professional)(i) Architect firms(Professional). The total final response was 254 firms.We then analyzed the entropy using the appropriate statistical techniques such as Factor Analysis and Regression AnalysisTABLE 1 SERVICE CATEGORIESSectorsFrequencyPercentHotelFast FoodPrivate HospitalAuto repairRetail storesRetail banksPrivate collegesArchitectAccountantTotal31302426303030302325412.211.89.410.211.811.811.811.89.1100III. RESULTSDescriptive Statistics We had about equal numbers of respondent across the 9 industries as shown in Table 1. With regards to the years of operation, more than 30% of all companies have been in operations for more than 10 years. Of all re spondents, close to 60 percents are managers or above with 7.1 percentile hold top management positions. Most firms (about 60%) do business locally or nationally whereas about 25 % cover international market.Factor Analysis A series of factor analysis was conducted to establish uni-dimensionality of the covariants and to reduce the independent variables (structural and infrastructural elements) and the dependent variables (external flexibility and internal robustness) to appropriate factors. In doing this, there is an opportunity to redefine or reduce the number of factors according to the commonalities within the variables. SPSS provides the test for the appropriateness of the use of factor analysis and the adequacy of the try size. Bartlett tests indicate that factor analysis is suitable and the KMO test calculated that the sample is enough to conduct factor analysis. The prototypal analysis on the structural elements resulted in three factors with percentage variance explained 74.674 percent. We define the factor as facilities related factors (capacity and location),technology, and integration/networking. We then run the second factor analysis for the infrastructural elements and found only two factors with 64.958 percent cumulative variances included and name the factors as teamwork management and quality leadership. Finally a separate analysis for external flexibility and internal robustness, as suggested from the theory, maintain most of the items that measures both constructs. The results of exploratory factor analysis shed light on structural, infrastructural elements and the service operations flexibility external flexibility and internal robustness. The previously mentioned separate structural factor facility and location, were remerged into one factor that we could call a facility related factors. Examining the items that measures capacity and locations look to highlight the facility issues and the merging is not totally surprising. Meanwhile, w orker empowerment from the infrastructural elements was diluted as some of the items are highly correlated with the team management. This is also justifiable as the team needs some forms of empowerment to be able to work effectively. We however intend to cut short the detail discussion of the result s of the factor analysis as the emphasis of this study is on the impacts of the independent variable to service operations flexibility.Multiple Regression The first model with internal robustness () as the dependent variable has a good fit with R = 0.662 and R square = 0.439. The strongest factors to influence the dependent variable seem to be the structural elements, with technology ( = .387 t = 6.839), capacity location ( = .320 t = 5.706), integration/networking ( = .180 t = 3.353) show the highest beta-coefficient consecutively. Only team management, one of the two factors of infrastructural elements significantly influences the dependent variables. ( = .156 t = 2.609). The second mo del has also a good fit with R = 0.686 and R square = 0.471. This time, technology also plays an influencing factor ( = .342 t = 6.219), followed by capacity/location ( = .299 t = 5.499), integration/networking ( = .197 t = 3.783), team management ( = .187 t = 3.215), and quality leadership ( = .151 t = 2.678). Here, it seems that quality leadership factor play a significant role in delivering the external flexibility of a service firm. We also notice a reducing full stop of influence of structural elements (except integration/networking) to affect the external flexibility of the service firms. Further, it is also quite surprising to observe the structural elements enforcing a higher degree of influence to the service operations flexibility where as we hypothesize that the soft elements of infrastructural should lead the list. The results enable us to confirm H1, H2, H3, and H4 but H5 which it is partially confirmed. This requires further explanations that will be discussed in the next section.IV. DISCUSSIONThis study confirms the importance of structural and infrastructural elements to the service operations flexibility. As suggested from Harvey et al 7 that the variability will have to be dealt with organizational arrangement such as cross-functional teams, empowering contact personal, and building a flat organization, which factors are related to infrastructural elements of operations as well as modifying the structural elements such as networking capability. Our study not only supported the literature but also specifying which factors contribute the most to the operations flexibility.Contrary to our belief that the soft elements will impact more on the operations flexibility of service firms, we found that the structural part especially the element of technology show a greater influence. We believe this is not totally unexpected as the infrastructural parts have also been found in the literature to play a reinforcement role in the operations effectivenes s. Idris and M Ali highlighted the importance role of quality leadership and best practices in steering the effectiveness of firms 16. Idris et al. 17 emphasizes quality leadership as an important component of organizational capability to drive company performance. Hussain et al 18 also proposed the prime role of leadership in their Excellence model.Further, regarding a reducing degree of influence of structural elements (except integration/networking) to affect the external flexibility of the service firms, this study highlights the role of infrastructural elements on the enhancement of the external flexibility. External flexibility usually deals with the customer demand that require more involvement on the part of the human resource to bring about the needed adjustments whereas more structural elements such as technology is needed to provide consistent internal results in the form of less confusion and glitches.Implying the results, service companies must invest in the structural elements such as technology and networking capability to boost the operations flexibility. These initiatives must also be back up with the human dimension in the forms of team management, and quality leadership. By recognizing the five factors prescribed in this research, a service company would be able to develop and strengthen the operations flexibility of their firms.There is no further analysis of the categories of service companies that may moderate the level of deployment of structural and infrastructural resources. For example, it is a possibility that a low contact service firms will utilize higher level of technology as compared to professional services. Thus future studies should highlight the issues. In addition, the importance of having operations flexibility may also be moderated by the competitive priorities of the companies and the categories of firms themselves. It is presumed that those companies who strive to make flexibility as their top agenda will deploy higher level certain structural and infrastructural resources as compared to those who have cost minimization as their operation objectives. Finally, this study uses managers perception to assess the operations flexibility. Other objectives measures should be explored for future studiesV. closureIn this study, we investigate the relationship between structural and infrastructural elements and their effects on service operations flexibility. We divide the structural elements decisions into capacity, location, integration/networking, and technology while infrastructural elements decisions include worker empowerment, quality leadership, and team management. Service operations flexibility is divided into internal robustness and external flexibility. An instrument to measure all the factors is designed and pre-tested on 30 MBA students with slight changes as required. Thereafter, a pilot study was directed to operations managers of 23 Malaysian service organizations to check the reliability of the instrument. All items used to measure the studied factors are found to be reliable. Factor analysis readjusts our independent factors. With the new defined factors, we regresses them against the internal and external flexibility. We also found the dominant influences of structural and the supporting influence of infrastructural elements to the service operations flexibility.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis research is supported by a research grant of National University of Malaysia (UKM GUP EP 07 18 113)

Impact of Public Smoking Ban

Impact of Public Smoking BanFor decades, Malaysia has severe problems with derriere- fastball issues (Mackay 1996). Currently, smoking has been recognized as the major drug killer in Malaysia, bringing with its considerable human and economic costs. As a result, afflictions caused by cigarette smoking shake up taken the lives of around 3,500 Malaysian citizens in each year (Facts closely Tobacco Smoking 2008). There are 3 types of smokers, namely social smokers, casual smokers and range smokers. The Malaysian goernment enforces laws to reduce smoking rates so that Malaysian citizens can enjoy healthy lifestyles.Cigarette smoking accounts for a massive 25% of all deaths in Malaysia, with smoking-related deaths making up of three unwrap of five of the top causes of death in Malaysia (Mackay 1996). In addition, a research shows that the percentages of lung cancer incidents puddle been extendd at a rate of 17% a year (Smoking Statistics 2002). According to the result of a surve y on cigarette smoking rates in Malaysia, there were 3.6 million smokers in the year 2000. Nevertheless, the add up is expected to rise dramatically by 2025. It was also found that about 49% of Malaysian males smoked cigarettes in the year 2000 while the number leave behind be expected to reduce by 30% by the year 2025. By 2025, it is estimated that 4% of all Malaysian women who smoke cigarettes are those of 15 historic period of age and above. The research also shows that most of the smokers start smoking in their youth. Therefore, it is clear that the smoking rates are the highest among the younger generations (Prostar n.d.).1.3 Aim of researchThe steer of this research is to identify the antithetical types of smokers and evaluate the effectiveness of law implementation on cigarette smoking by the Malaysian government in coordinate to reduce smoking rates and possibly to exile smoking in Malaysia for the benefit of Malaysians health.1.4 MethodologyA survey was conducted to collect the data about the different types of smokers namely social smokers, casual smokers, chain smokers and the opinions of smokers towards cigarette smoking with a questionn circulatee. A sample of 20 participants between 11 and 50 years anile was taken for this survey.2.0 Types of Smokers2.1 Social SmokersSocial smokers are defined as people who smoke mainly or only in social settings and in the nominal head of others (New Straits Times 1997). Social smokers are also known as occasional smokers (Morley et.al 2006). In addition, social smokers are much more likely to have relatives or friends who smoke than those who have never smoked. Figure 1 above indicates that 27% of smokers are social smokers.2.2 Casual SmokersCasual smokers are defined as people who smoke on many tho not all days and also smokers who know how to control on their smoking, going from smoking day-by-day to only smoking occasionally (New Straits Times 1997). Based on the research, it was found that only 9 % of smokers are casual smokers (Figure 1). Therefore, the problem with casual smokers is that they do not think that they are addicted. They think that they can switch their desire to smoke on and off and that they have a full control over whether or not they want to smoke (Turner 2008).2.3 Chain SmokersChain smokers are also known as addicted smokers who smoke in a chain of cigarettes, one after another. Chain smoking is the practice of lighting a new cigarette immediately after one is finished, sometimes using the wait cigarette to light the next one. It is a sign of addiction and gives the smokers a constant source of nicotine that allows smokers to feel a sense of calmness (Windale n.d.). Based on the survey, 64% of the smokers are chain smokers which contribute the largest number of smokers in this survey (Figure 1).3.0 Advantages of cigarette smoking3.1 Economical ContributionThe baccy industry has contributed to the countrys major deliverance in terms of employment (be i t in manufacturing, agricultural and health sectors), earnings, exports and taxes (The Economics of Tobacco Policy n.d.). It was shown that RM1.8 million in indirect taxes and RM683 million in unified taxes had contributed into Malaysian government revenue. Based on a research, it was indicated that 7.8% of the Malaysian governments income tax revenue was contributed by indirect taxes from the tobacco industry while approximately 3% of the Malaysian governments income tax revenue was derived from corporate taxes within the tobacco industry.3.2 Mental Relief3.2.1 Stress ReliefBased on the relief survey conducted in figure 2, 38% of the smokers consume tobacco to relieve their stress. Therefore, cigarette smoking is one of the stress management tools for those who suffer from work-related stress as well as family-related stress. A cigarette contains over 4000 different chemicals which could cause cancer (Healey 2001). The poisonous and addictive drug in tobacco which is nicotine coul d reduce smokers stress levels and it could increase magnetic core rates up to 21 beats per minute and also stimulates the nervous system to make the smokers feel a sense of relief or rest period (Healey 2001). Besides, smoking creates a numerous conditions that could help the smokers with anxiety and depression (Smoking and mental health 2007).3.2.2 Memory improvementIt is found that nicotine in cigarettes may improve holding and prevent Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases. Other than that, it is proven that nicotine can help in improving learning ability and memory problems associated with hypothyroidism. In addition, Victorian doctors also recommended smoking as a means of sharpening the wits and boosting concentration (Derbyshire 2008). Based on the survey conducted, 43% of the smokers feel that smoking cigarettes can help them to improve their memory (Figure 2).4.0 Disadvantages of cigarette smoking4.1 Health effects4.1.1 Lung cancerIn Malaysia, lung cancer is now an increasi ngly square cause of death. It is classified as the most common cancer caused by cigarette smoking in Malaysia. Based on the 2003 National Cancer Registry of Malaysia report, lung cancer accounts for 13.8% and 3.8% of all cancers in males and females respectively. To be more precise, Malaysia has face 1,758 cases of Malaysians who are diagnosed with lung cancer annually in 2003(Acting against lung cancer 2006).4.2 Environmental effectsAccording to Tobacco master, the research shows that cigarette smoke usually produces more credit line pollution as compared to the diesel car exhaust. From the scientific research, it shows that a cigarette contains over 4000 different chemicals including many toxic substances (Healey 2001). Therefore, the cigarette can create air pollution, the cigarette buds are also a major blow to the environment hygiene (Impact of Butt Littering n.d.). In addition, cigarette smoke also causes potential promote hazards if the lighting cigarette is not put out immediately (Slovenian Young Minds n.d.). In addition, about 3,000 lung cancer deaths in non-smoking adults each year are caused by the exposure of tobacco smoke from smokers. Also, an increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections is recorded in infants and young children whose parents smoke in their presence.5.0 Actions taken by the government5.1 Legislation5.1.1 The Control of Tobacco Products Regulation 1993The Malaysian government has tried to curb smoking among Malaysians by implementing the Control of Tobacco Products Regulation in 1993. This regulation was enforced in 1993 under the Food Act 1993, which all direct advertising and sponsorship are prohibited as well as the necessity of fixed health warnings, and also ceiling levels of tar (20mg) and nicotine (1.5mg) are displayed(Tobacco Unit Malaysia 2003). Besides, smoking restrictions are applied at public places and specific places such(prenominal) as air-conditioned places. Those places are normally set as no smok ing zones while tobacco sales to any person under the age of 18 years old is strictly prohibited. This regulation is also amended to strengthen the restriction towards the total ban of tobacco-related promotions, the requirements of more effective health warnings, and the limitation to the handiness of cigarettes, and the lowering of tar and nicotine levels in order to extend the existing non smoking zone.5.1.2 Tobacco Control ActThis act will be replacing The Control of Tobacco Products Regulation 1993 to be the prominent comprehensive legislation for tobacco control in Malaysia. The function of this act is to fit in all germane(predicate) provisions and country obligations stated in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Tobacco Unit Malaysia 2003).5.2 Augmentation in taxation of cigarettesAccording to the whitethornbank Investment bank Berhad, raising taxes on tobacco is one of the most effective ways of reducing the amount of people who smoke. Therefore, the Malaysian G overnment has taken steps to increase the tobacco taxes by at least 11 per cent in 2009 in order to discourage smoking among Malaysians and cuts its budget (Malaysia may raise tobacco taxes n.d.). Meanwhile, the Malaysian government also tends to raise cigarettes price by 40% (World Health Organization 2008). Albeit the decision of the Malaysian government has diminished demand of smokers but government revenues need were not affected.5.3 Restriction on advertisements and other promotionsThe advertisements and promotions of smoking or tobacco products should be restricted in Malaysia. In Malaysia, some restrictions have been implemented for the descriptive labeling of cigarettes, such as lights, ultra lights, low tar or mild on their packaging. Besides that, cigarette manufacturers are forbidden from promoting cigarettes (Government puts the single-foot on cigarette makers 2008). Therefore, to argue against the cigarette advertisements, the Malaysian government has intervened to in troduce anti-smoking campaign to promote the dangers of smoking by placing advertisements during prime time warning. Based on statistics, it was indicated that among 4 million smokers, 1,000 smokers died due to tobacco-related diseases every year. In this case, the Malaysian government had implemented all kinds of legislation to reduce the percentages of death from tobacco-related diseases.5.3.1 Packaging and labelinghttp//www.smoke-free.ca/warnings/warningsimages/malaysia/Malays4.jpghttp//www.smoke-free.ca/warnings/warningsimages/malaysia/Malays12.jpgDiagram 1 Samples of health warning on cigarette packagesThe Malaysian government has amended the Control of Tobacco Products Regulations 2004 on World No Tobacco Day (WNTD), May 31 to urge tobacco manufacturers to display health warnings on cigarette packages. The health warnings such as lung cancer, mouth diseases, heart diseases and unhealthy infants graphics should be displayed on cigarette packages to warn smokers of the consequen ces of smoking (Health Ministrys tobacco rules get thumbs-up 2008). In addition, all packages are required to include pictorial warnings that could cover 40% of the front of the packages and 60% of the back of the package (Government puts the squeeze on cigarette makers 2008).6.0 ConclusionMore effective actions should be taken by the Malaysian government to ban smoking in public areas such as hospitals, clinics, public lifts, toilets, air-conditioned restaurants, public transport, government premises, educational institutions, petrol stations, internet cafes and shopping complexes. Heavy fines could be an alternative to punish those who smoke in public areas. Besides, the Malaysian government could include the reinforcement of rules and regulations on smokers who continue to smoke. Even though tobacco contributes significant tax revenues to Malaysian government, we should also be aware of the increasing costs on health care to curb health problems derived from smoking. We cannot to tally ban smokers from smoking cigarettes, our government should play a leading role to educate all generations about the negative effects of smoking. Incentives and taxes should be imposed to curb health problems such as heart diseases and lung cancer. Therefore, the Malaysian government should enforce tougher laws on tobacco smoking in order to have healthier Malaysian.

Curbing crime against women

Curbing offence against women chitING CRIME AGAINST WOMEN INTRODUCTION Despite existence of a turn of peculiar(a) legislations for providing protection to women, the proportion of offensive activity against women has deteriorated. Women continue to be victims of various types of crimes. Although Women may be victims of any of the crimes such as Murder, Robbery, Cheating, etc, only the crimes which be directed specifically against Women atomic number 18 characterised as offences Against Women. These are broadly classified to a lower place ii categories. The evils under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) pamper (Sec. 376 IPC) Kidnapping Abduction for different purposes (Sec. 363 373 IPC) Homicide for comp geniusnt part, Dowry Deaths or their attempts (Sec. 302/304-B IPC) Torture, both mental and physical (Sec. 498-A IPC) Molestation (Sec. 354 IPC) internal Harassment (Sec. 509 IPC) importing of young ladys (upto 21 classs of age) (Sec. 366-B IPC) The Crimes under the Special Local Laws (SLL)Although all laws are not gender specific, the provisions of law affecting women significantly shake up been reviewed periodically and amendments carried let out to keep pace with the emerging requirements. The gender specific laws for which crime statistics are recorded throughout the country are Immoral Traffic (Prevention) enactment, 1956 Dowry Prohibition locomote, 1961 The Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1979 Inde cent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 direction of Sati (Prevention) LITERATURE REVIEWLife in Delhi turns a daily nightmare for women from north-eastNew DelhiThe capital city of India has become a daily nightmare for women from the atomic number 10 of the country who are here to study or for work. A close study of reports shows that the community of closely 100,000 race from the north-eastern nominates is under threat close to any day, any time of assault, molestation, or murder. As many as 16 severe cases of mol estation, rape and some other(a)wise forms of extreme cruelty perpetuated in Delhi against people from the North-East throw been recorded so far in 2009. And, 4 of these incidents took place in the last two weeks. The worst cases of recent atrocities against people from the North-East staying in Delhi include the murder by Pushpam Kumar Sinha, 34, of a young young lady from Manipur molestation of a girl from Arunachal by school boys molestation of a girl from Nagaland and assault on a couple from Nagaland. On October 24, 2009, Pushpam Sinha, 34, a PhD scholar working at the India Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, assaulted and strangled to death Ramchanphy Hongray, the 19- social class-old girl who is his neighbour, in her home in south Delhi. The man then burnt the girls face in order to mislead the police. At Sarojini Nagar in Delhi, on October 12, a girl from the North-East was dragged into a van. However, the presence of mind of the victim, who is an employee of a 5-sta r hotel, saved her life. After the girl raised a hue and birdcall, passersby caught hold of one of the assailants and beat him up. On October 17, a couple from Nagaland was assaulted by some young men, who were allegedly drunk, at Safdarjung Enclave. The same day, a 5-year-old girl from the North-East was allegedly molested by her tuition t each(prenominal)er. Earlier, in April 2009, a girl aged 6, was raped and murdered by her neighbour. The girls body was later fished out from a water tank nearby. These terrifying incidents have prompted YS Dadwal, Delhi jurisprudence instructioner, to call for a zero-tolerance policy towards any crime committed against women from the North-East. He has ordered that crimes committed against people from the North-East be given top priority, and asked 3 Deputy Commissioners from east, south and north Delhi to act as nodal officers for the safety of women. However, many members of the North-East community complain that the police have been slow to act. According to Madhu Chandra, spokesman for the North-East Support Centre and Helpline, a help centre for the youth from the north-eastern states backup in Delhi and the theme Capital region (NCR), there have been several cases of atrocities, yet police are doing little about them and demanded that the Delhi g all overnment act sternly to check these incidents. About 4,000 students from the North-East take admission to various courses in Delhi University (DU) each year, and for them, every day in Delhi is like a nightmare, Madhu Chandra says. A survey conducted by the North-East Support Centre and Helpline has revealed that 86% (or about 86,000) people hailing from the north-eastern states and living in Delhi face some sort of discrimination or the other on a daily basis. The North-East Support Centre alleges that nearly fractional the number of women sexually harassed in Delhi and neighbourhood is from the North-East. He says that the Northeast Support Centre and Helpline is flooded with complaints related to sexual harassment. Most members of the north-eastern community are not happy with the police. Kamakshi Sinha, who hails from Assam and doing her undergraduate course in Delhi University, says that that the police circular is just a piece of paper. She complains that people in Delhi call them Chinky and such other derogatory names, and the policemen ridicule them when they go to the police station to lodge a complaint. Another female student of Delhi University says that most girls from the North-East are even panic-stricken of approaching the police. Police do not respond to our pleas, and we are treated like outcasts, she laments. Meanwhile, Rahul Gandhi, MP and Congress general secretary, has said he will all in all cooperate with the North-East Students center in its efforts to curb the increasing menace of crime against both men and women the north-eastern states. Rahul Gandhi gave this assurance to a team of members of the North-East Studen ts Union which met him to seek his support and intervention in the matter. ARTICLE2NCW gives wake-up call to curb crime against womenPuneet Nicholas Yadav / DNA Thursday, January 15, 2009 227 IST New DelhiIts a cry to check the rise in crime against women across the country, aptly titled, Jaago (wake up). The National Commission for Women (NCW) plans to soon grow its nationwide Jaago running, to sensitise policemen and civil society about crime against women. The commission will shortly invite representatives of corporates, educational institutions and BPO companies to discuss the safety and security arrangements for women employees. The campaign is likely to be launched on January 16.The decision to create the campaign came days after a 22-year-old MBA student was allegedly gang-raped by 10 men in Noida. Girija Vyas, chairperson of the NCW said, Though the year 2007-2008 was a year of women achievers, it was also the year of crime against women. Horrific cases of rapes and moles tation came to light in the year. The NCW received shocking complaints from across the country such as the rape of a 72-year-old woman and another rape case of a four-year-old girl. The recent Noida gang-rape incident was equally appalling. There is an urgent need to address the issue of crime against women and the Jaago campaign intends to do that. As part of the campaign, the NCW is tying up with several schools, NGOs and other groups to spread awareness about violence against women. The campaign would also address other issues such as checking harassment of women at workplace, molestation, women safety besides sensitising cops about dealing with women victims and accused. Vyas also agreed that there was a need to drill people in rural areas where theres an immense need to sensitise the people about womens rights and checking violence against women. The NCW chief quoted statistics based on complaints filed with the NCW and records available with the National Crime Records Bureau to establish how crimes against women had been on the rise in the country and specifically in UP.ARTICLE 3RECOVERY FUNDS AVAILABLE TO HELP CURB VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, IMPROVE VICTIM SERVICESHARRISBURG, Pa., Sept. 9 The Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency issued the adjacent news release Approximately $4 million in federal American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funding is available to support and strengthen services to women who are victims of dotty crime, the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency said today. The STOP ferocity Against Women, or STOP/VAWA, Formula Grant schedule also works to improve the outlaw and juvenile justice systems reception to violence against women. Interested applicants, including municipal violence and sexual assault programs, state organizations and counties, may apply through PCCDs Egrants system by October 6. Bill to curb crime against women soon EXPRESS NEWS SERVICEMUMBAI, JULY 18 The state government will soon bring in a legislation to curb crime against women, Deputy Chief Minister Chhagan Bhujbal announced in the Legislative Assembly today.Replying to supplementaries over a calling attention detect go by Sudhir Munguntiwar (BJP) and others on burning of a bank employee Vidya Prabhudesai near Mumbai Central last month, Bhujbal also announced that a delegacy of women legislators would be organize to suggest measures for prevention and control of crime against women. A committee headed by Additional Chief Secreatry (Home) M R Patil had prepared drafts of two legislations Maharashtra Women Security Act and Maharashtra Prevention of Harassment of Girls Act. However, it was later decided to formulate a single comprehensive bill instead of two different bills on the same issue, Bhujbal told the House.Accordingly, the committee has been asked to prepare the draft within two months, he said. Munguntiwar asked if the government would form a committee of the woman MLAs for the purpose. Bhujbal s aid the government had appointed the Commissioner for Women and Child well-being and a representative of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, who were well aware of the problems of women, as members on the committee. Further, the draft of the proposed legislation would be referred to the woman legislators for study it and the amendments suggested by them would be incorporated. Irked over the reply, Vishakha Raut (Sena) protested against the Deputy Chief Ministers attitude towards women legislators and demanded immediate formation of the committee of women legislators. She was followed by other women members of Sena-BJP, who shouted slogans against the government. Finally, Bhujbal said that the government would fulfil the demand of the women legislators. On an another occasion, members of opposition Sena-BJP rushed to the well protesting against the ruling of the Deputy Speaker Pramod Shende on withdrawing a calling attention notice from the days agenda. The notice was moved by O pposition members on arrest of a person allegedly linked to Lashkar-e-Toyba, a terrorist organisation, in Nanded. Gopinath Munde (BJP) sought to know why the government failed to run across information on the issue on time. Minister of state for home Manikrao Thakre said the notice was also related to arrest of terrorists in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Since the information from the two neighbouring states was not received, the government requested the presiding officer to take up the notice for discussion on Wednesday. RESEARCH METHODELOGYPRIMEARY DATASAMPLINGI had visited Delhi (west) and interviewed about 30 women (working + college going girls student) from where I came to know about different aspect of crime which are prominent there like rape ,sexual harassment, importation of girls and many more than . They also suggested different way to stop this or to minimise it. After this I visited 30 more women in same area ask them to assume questioner.SECONDARY DATAReported Incidents of crime (Incidence1,54,333) A essential of 1,54,333 incidents of crime against women were describe in the country during 2008 as compared to 1,40,601 during 2007 enter 9.8% attach during 2008. These crimes had reported an increase of 1.7% in 2001 over 2000 (from 1,41,373 cases in 2000 to 143,795 cases in 2001) and declined during 2002 and 2003 with 1,43,034 and 1,40,601 cases followed again by an increase during 2004. Andhra Pradesh, method of accounting for nearly 7.3 per cent of the countrys population, has accounted for 12.3% of total incidents of crime against women in the country by describe 18,921 cases. Uttar Pradesh, with nearly 16.4% share of countrys population has accounted for 10.0% of total crime against women by reporting 15,485 cases during the year. Crime Rate (Crime rate 14.2) The rate of crime has increased by 7.6 per cent from 13.2 during the year 2007 to 14.2 during 2008. Delhi, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh were top three States in the ord er of crime rate at 24.1, 24.0 and 23.5 respectively. Crime head-wise analysis (IPC) Rape (Incidence18,233 Rate1.7) Rape cases have reported mixed trends over last 5 long time with a decrease of 2.5 per cent in 2004 over 2003, an increase of 1.8 per cent in 2005 over 2004, a decrease of 3.2 per cent in the year 2007 over 2006 and substantial increase of 15.0 per cent in the current year. Madhya Pradesh has reported the highest number of Rape cases (2,875) accounting for 15.8% of total such cases reported in the country. However, Tripura has reported the highest crime rate 4.8 as compared to National ordinary of 1.7. Incest Rape (Incidence505) As compared to 15.0 percent increase in overall Rape cases, Incest cases have increased by 26.5 per cent from 399 cases in 2003 to 505 cases in 2008. Chhattisgarh (78) has accounted for the highest 15.4 per cent of the total such cases reported in the countryRape Victims Out of 18,233 reported Rape cases in the country, there were 18,239 v ictims of Rape. Of the total victims of Rape, 8.9% (1,622) were girls under the 15 years of age, while 11.0% (2,008) were teenaged girls (15-18 years). Nearly two-third (11,343) (62.2%) were Women in the age-group 19-30 years. 3,189 victims (17.5%) were in the age-group of 31-50 years while only 0.4 per cent (81) were over 50 years of age. Offenders were known to the victims in as many as 15,619 (85.6%) cases. Of these, parents/close family members were involved in 3.2% (505 out of 15,619) cases, neighbours were involved in 34.3% cases (5,358 out of 15,619) and relatives were involved in 6.6% (1033 out of 15,619) cases. The State/UT/City-wise details are presented in Kidnapping Abduction (Incidence15,578 Rate1.4) These cases have reported an increase of 17.2 per cent as compared to previous year (13,296). Uttar Pradesh (2,324) has accounted for 14.9 per cent of the total cases at the National level. Delhi has reported the highest rate at 5.8 as compared to the National average of 1.4. Dowry Deaths (Incidence7,026 Rate0.6) These cases have increased by 13.2% over the previous year (6,208). Out of the total such cases reported in the country near 24.3% cases were reported from Uttar Pradesh (1,708) alone followed by Bihar (1,029) (14.6%). The highest rate of crime (1.2) was, however, reported from Bihar and Madhya Pradesh as compared to the National average of 0.6 only. Torture (Cruelty by hubby Relatives) (Incidence58,121 Rate5.4) Torture cases in the country have increased by 14.6 per cent over the previous year (50,703). 14.4 per cent of these were reported from Andhra Pradesh (8,388). The highest rate at 11.2 was reported from Rajasthan as compared to the National rate at 5.4. Molestation (Incidence34,567 Rate3.2) Incidents of Molestation in the country have increased by 4.9 per cent over the previous year (32,939). 19.4% of total such cases were reported from Madhya Pradesh (6,690) which also reported the highest rate (10.3) as compared to the Natio nal average of 3.2. Sexual Harassment (Eve Teasing) (Incidence10,001 Rate0.9) The number of such cases has significantly declined by 18.9 per cent over the previous year (12,325). Uttar Pradesh has reported 26.8 per cent of cases (2,682) followed by Andhra Pradesh 23.1 per cent (2,310). Haryana has reported the highest crime rate 3.8 as compared to the National average of 0.9. Importation of Girls (Incidence89) An increase of 93.5% in such cases was reported as 89 cases were reported during the year as compared to 46 cases in the previous year. Jharkhand (36) and Bihar (35) have reported highest number of such cases accounting for 40.4% and 39.3% respectively of total such cases at the National level. Crime-head wise analysis (Special Laws) Sati Prevention Act (Incidence0) The practice of Sati is on the wane in modern times. Still sporadically, cases under this Act get reported. However, no such case from any of the State/UT was reported in the country during the year 2008.Dowry Prohibition Act (Incidence3,592 Rate0.3) The cases under this Act have increased by 33.8 per cent as compared to the previous year (2,684). More than one third (34.0%) cases were reported from Bihar (1,220) followed by Orissa (532) which also reported the highest crime at 1.4 as compared to 0.3 at the National level. Crime against Women in Cities (All-India1,54,333 Cities20,492) As per population number 2001, 35 cities having population over 10 lakh were identified as Mega cities. A total of 20,492 cases of crimes against women were reported from these 35 cities as compared to 19,573 cases in the year 2003 reporting an increase of 4.7 per cent. The rate of crime in cities at 19.0 was comparatively higher as compared to the National rate of 14.2 Among 35 cities, Delhi (3,334) has accounted for 16.3 per cent of total crimes followed by Hyderabad (1,978) (9.7%). The crime rate was significantly higher in Vijayawada (109.5) city as compared to all-cities rate of 19.0 only. Delhi c ity has accounted for 30.3% of Rape cases, 33.3% of Kidnapping Abduction cases, 19.8% of Dowry Deaths and 18.3% of Molestation cases, 14.8% of Cruelty By Husband Relatives among 35 cities. Faridabad of Haryana has reported 17.8% of Eve-Teasing cases (434 out of 2,434 cases). It is worthwhile mentioning that Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Hyderabad and Mumbai were more vigilant in curbing these crimes as more cases under Special Laws Local Acts were booked in these cities. 32.3 per cent (422 out of 1,907) of cases under Immoral Traffic (P) Act and 79.4 per cent (247 out of 311) of Dowry Prohibition Act cases were booked in Bangalore city alone. 20.5 per cent (392 out of 1907) cases in Chennai, 13.4 per cent (255 out of 1907) cases in Coimbatore and 12.1 per cent (231 out of 1907) cases in Mumbai were booked under Immoral Traffic (P) Act. Similarly, 80.3 per cent (297 out of 370) cases under Indecent Representation of Women (P) Act were booked under Hyderabad City only. The incr ease in cases booked under SLL represent preventive policing of State/UT police. care this in view, an attempt has also been made to analyse the Crime Against Women by excluding SLL crimes i.e. Sati STEP TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT Transitional Housing Assistance curriculum Grants For Victimized Women-Victims of home(prenominal) violence, sexual assault, dating violence and stalking i.e. women now can get adequate relief through the Governments Office on Violence Against Women (OVM) having twofold motive to curtail violence against women and execute justice for and invigorate services to these victimized women. OVM accomplishes this intention through relegateing and answering the capacity and capability of tribal, local, state and non-profit organizations concerned in addressing violence Grants And Sub Grants Provided To Stop Violence Against Women-The STOP Violence against Women Formula Grant Program was constituted with an aim to encourage merged and multidisciplinary approach to im prove response of the criminal justice system with respect to violent crimes against women. Under this program, efficacious law enforcement and prosecution strategies are encouraged to develop and strengthen their policies and procedures to curb violent crimes against women. Grant Programs To Stop Violence Against Women -United States government statistics revealed the most grueling picture one in every four women sightly target of domestic violence and approximately 1.3 million women have been physically assaulted by her intimate partner. But women in rural areas facing sexual assault, domestic or other kinds of violence are more vulnerable than their counterparts in cities.Opportunities For Indian Tribal Government To Avail Grants-Grants for the Indian Tribal Government Program are formulated to invest tribes to respond to violent crimes against Indian women, ensure safety of the victims and develop their education and preventive strategies. The Indian tribal governments or their let designees are provided with the grants enabling them to initiate actions and programs on awareness about increasing level of domestic violence and sexual assault against American women and Alaska native women. monetary Aids To Reduce Violence Against Women -The STOP Violence Against Women Formula Grant Program was constituted with an aim to encourage integrated and multidisciplinary approach to improve response of the criminal justice system with respect to violent crimes against women. Under this program, efficacious law enforcement and prosecution strategies are encouraged to develop and strengthen their policies and procedures to curb violent crimes against womenGrants To Help Victimized Rural WomenUnited States government statistics revealed the most grueling picture one in every four women becoming target of domestic violence and approximately 1.3 million women have been physically assaulted by her intimate partner. But women in rural areas facing sexual assault, domestic or other kinds of violence are more vulnerable than their counterparts in cities. Rural women have to face many hurdles while receiving assistance even service providers have to face barriers in the different form.Us Government Grants To Indian Tribal Governments Program-Grants for the Indian Tribal Government Program are formulated to empower tribes to respond to violent crimes against Indian women, ensure safety of the victims and develop their education and preventive strategies. The Indian tribal governments or their authorized designees are provided with the grants enabling them to initiate actions and programs on awareness about increasing level of domestic violence and sexual assault against American women and Alaska native women. DATA ANALYSISBy studying the primary and secondary data the situation of crime against women is analysed as given below Crime Head-wise Incidents of Crime Against Women during 2004-2008 and Percentage alteration in 2007 over 2008 TABLE-1Crime head Rape Kidnapping Abduction Dowry Death Torture Molestation Sexual Harassment Importation of Girls Sati Prevention Act Immoral Traffic (P) Act Indecent Rep. of Women (P) Act Dowry Prohibition Act 2004 16496 15023 6995 45778 32940 11024 64 0 9515 662 2876 2005 16075 14645 6851 49170 34124 9746 114 0 8796 1052 3222 2006 16373 14506 6822 49237 33943 10155 76 0 6598 2508 2816 2007 15847 13296 6208 50703 32939 12325 46 0 5510 1043 2684 2008 18233 15578 7026 58121 34567 10001 89 0 5748 1378 3592 %variation 15.0 17.1 13.2 14.6 4.9 -18.8 93.5 4.3 32.1 33.8 Total141373 143795 143034 140601 154333 9.8 TABLE-2Proportion of Crime Against Women (IPC) towards total IPC crimes Sl.No Year Total IPC Crimes Crime Against women (IPC cases) Percentage to total IPC crimes 1 2 3 4 5 2003 2004 2005 2006-2007 2007-200817,71,084 17,69,308 17,80,330 17,16,120 18,32,015 1,28,320 1,30,725 1,31,112 1,31,364 1,43,615 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.8 SUGESSIONS Measures need to curb Crime against Women The Government of India have to deeply concerned with these trends and ground situation and have to re-emphasized that urgent action should be taken on the following-1.Vigorously enforce the existing legislation relating to Crime against Women and Children, i.e.,DowryProhibition Act, 1961, Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986, Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 and Violence against Women (Prevention) Act, 2005, Section 67 of the IT Act, 2000, the display of lascivious photographs/films on computer through internet,etc.2. The administration and police should play a more proactive role in detection and investigating of crime against women and ensuring that there is no under reporting.3. Increasing the overall representation of women in police forces.The representation of women in police at all levels should be increased th rough affirmative action so that they constitute about 33% of the police.4. Sensitizing the law enforcement machinery towards crime against women by way of well organise training programmes, meetings and seminars etc., for police personnel at all levels as well as other functionaries of the criminal justice system.5. For improving general awareness on legislations, mechanisms in place for safety and protection of women, the concerned department of the State Government must, inter-alia, take following stepsCreate awareness through patsy and electronic mediaDevelop a community monitoring system to check cases of violence, abuse and exploitation and take necessary steps to curb the sameInvolving the community at large in creating and spreading such awareness andOrganize legal literacy and legal awareness camps.Explore the possibility of associating NGOs working in the area of combating crime against women. Citizens groups and NGOs should be encouraged to increase awareness about gen der issues in society and help bring to light violence against women and also assist the police in the probe of crime against women.Close coordination between the police and the NGOs dealing with the interests of women may be ensured.There should be no delay whatsoever in registration of FIR in all cases of crime against women.8.All out efforts should be made to apprehend all the accused named in the FIRimmediately so as to bugger off confidence in the victims and their family memberCases should be thoroughly investigated and charge sheets against the accused persons should be filed within three months from the date of occurrence, without compromising on the quality of investigation.Speedy investigation should be conducted in heinous crimes like rape. The medical examination of rape victims should be conducted without delay.Ensure proper supervisions at appropriate level of cases of crime against women from the recording of FIR to the disposal of the case by the competent court.He lp-line numbers of the crime against women cells should be exhibited prominently in hospitals/schools/colleges premises, and in other suitable places.12. Set up exclusive Crime Against Women and Children desk in each police station and the Special Women police cells in the police stations and all women policethanaas needed.The specialized Sexual besiege Treatment Units could be developed in government hospitals having a large maternity section.The Health department of the StateGovts., should set up Rape CrisisCentres(RCCs) and specialized Sexual Assault Treatment Units (SATUs), at